NHTSA owner reports · September 18, 2026 snapshot.
Fuel/propulsion System complaints
29 reportsClear category filterMileage unknown · Jun 1, 2023
Fuel/propulsion System
I had the hybrid battery replaced by Bill Brandt Ford in Brentwood California. A few days after having it replaced. The car broke down on a very dangerous highway. I had the car towed back to Bill Brandt Ford. They replaced the hybrid battery again. I received the car back on May 9. The car just broke down again today. Roughly B…
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I had the hybrid battery replaced by Bill Brandt Ford in Brentwood California. A few days after having it replaced. The car broke down on a very dangerous highway. I had the car towed back to Bill Brandt Ford. They replaced the hybrid battery again. I received the car back on May 9. The car just broke down again today. Roughly Bill Brandt Ford had my car for over 250 days. I found a recall one for S as in Sam 19 for my vehicle when I type in the Vin number it says that it doesn’t pertain to my car. But when I look at the recall issue, my car is having the exact same problems. Now I need to have the car towed back yet again to the dealership. Any help would be greatly appreciated. I have over $3000 invested in this car now with Bill Brandt Ford and they’ve had it longer than I’ve had it.
NHTSA ODI #11524932
Mileage unknown · May 14, 2023
Fuel/propulsion SystemPower Train
Stalled out while driving down hwy. At 70 mph. Cars swirved and I almost got hit from behind due to my vehicle just cutting out. No warning lights came on it just shut off battery light n engine light then came on after vehicle lost power and I had to get off road without causing an accident which almost occurred due to the spe…
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Stalled out while driving down hwy. At 70 mph. Cars swirved and I almost got hit from behind due to my vehicle just cutting out. No warning lights came on it just shut off battery light n engine light then came on after vehicle lost power and I had to get off road without causing an accident which almost occurred due to the speed and area I was driving at time vehicle cut out I still have not figured out why it just cut out. Very dangerous all around.
NHTSA ODI #11521932
Mileage unknown · Oct 29, 2022
Electrical SystemFuel/propulsion SystemPower Train
Drove vehicle to drop off dog at sitters, started vehicle began to make u-turn and vehicle stalled. Attempted to restart, cranks but won't run. Recently purchased from used car dealer, new battery was installed, no trouble up to this point. Began checking usual problems, fuel delivery, crank pos.sensor, cam pos sensor, have no s…
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Drove vehicle to drop off dog at sitters, started vehicle began to make u-turn and vehicle stalled. Attempted to restart, cranks but won't run. Recently purchased from used car dealer, new battery was installed, no trouble up to this point. Began checking usual problems, fuel delivery, crank pos.sensor, cam pos sensor, have no spark. Upon further research this appears to be faulty coils, spark plugs and pcm from factory but no recall has been employed. Possibility of collision during u-turn very likely. Loss of power to all systems could cause extreme risk to life at higher speeds. Ford Motor Company is aware of this problem, with the high number of similar problems in the NHTSA data base it is impossible for them not to know. The NHTSA should force Ford to fix this. If you make a product that can be dangerous if faulty, you are responsible to the public to do the right thing. I think that if the governmental agency responsible for traffic safety won't do their job then a class action lawsuit should be started. I bet I could find a good lawyer in the SF Bay area.
NHTSA ODI #11491442
237,000 miles · Jan 12, 2021
Electrical SystemEngineFuel/propulsion System
MY 2005 FORD ESCAPE V6 STALLS OUT SKIPS SPUTTERS AND MY TRUCK JERKS REALLY BAD THEN ANTI THEFT SYMBOL ON DASHBOARD COMES ON AND TRUCK SWITCHES OFF AND BACK ON IN THE MIDDLE OF HIGHWAY WITH TRAFFIC WHILE DRIVING DOWN THE ROAD .VERY DANGEROUS.ALSO MAKING A THUMPING NOISE FROM IN THE AIR INTAKE.GAS PEDAL CABLE WIRE BROKE .SO MANY P…
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MY 2005 FORD ESCAPE V6 STALLS OUT SKIPS SPUTTERS AND MY TRUCK JERKS REALLY BAD THEN ANTI THEFT SYMBOL ON DASHBOARD COMES ON AND TRUCK SWITCHES OFF AND BACK ON IN THE MIDDLE OF HIGHWAY WITH TRAFFIC WHILE DRIVING DOWN THE ROAD .VERY DANGEROUS.ALSO MAKING A THUMPING NOISE FROM IN THE AIR INTAKE.GAS PEDAL CABLE WIRE BROKE .SO MANY PROBLEMS WITH THIS VEHICLE.I BELIEVE THERE ARE SEVERAL RECALLS.PLEASE LET ME KNOW SO THE FORD COMPANY CAN FIX WHATEVER IT IS THAT MAY BE UNDER RECALL. THANKS!
NHTSA ODI #11387642
180,000 miles · May 9, 2018
EngineFuel/propulsion System
ENGINE STARTS UP FINE AND IDLES WITH NO PROBLEMS. WHILE DRIVING, VEHICLE IN MOTION, THE ENGINE WILL STALL AND START OVER AND OVER OR WILL STALL OUT COMPLETELY. THIS HAS ONLY HAPPENED AT SPEEDS OF 35MPH+ AND HAS HAPPENED AT INTERSTATE SPEEDS CAUSING A VERY POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS AND LIFE THREATENING CONDITION.
NHTSA ODI #11092680
Mileage unknown · Apr 23, 2018
Fuel/propulsion System
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2005 FORD ESCAPE. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 16V777000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE). THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE RECALL REPAIR WAS EXCEEDING A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME. THE CONTACT CALLED THE DEALER (BRENENGEN FORD, 615 BLACK RIVER STREET, SPARTA, WI 54656) AND WAS INFORMED TH…
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TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2005 FORD ESCAPE. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 16V777000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE). THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE RECALL REPAIR WAS EXCEEDING A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME. THE CONTACT CALLED THE DEALER (BRENENGEN FORD, 615 BLACK RIVER STREET, SPARTA, WI 54656) AND WAS INFORMED THAT THE PARTS WERE UNAVAILABLE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED. THE CONTACT HAD NOT EXPERIENCED A FAILURE. PARTS DISTRIBUTION DISCONNECT.
NHTSA ODI #11089687
137,000 miles · Jun 17, 2017
Fuel/propulsion SystemVehicle Speed Control
GAS PEDAL GETTING STUCK/NOT WORKING OFF AND ON FOR LAST YEAR; GASKET WAS REPLACED, NOW RECENTLY STICKING AGAIN. TODAY, WAS ON ARTERIAL WHEN PEDAL STUCK, LUCKILY NO TRAFFIC AS FOR SEVERAL MINUTES VEHICLE WOULD NOT MOVE. GOT PEDAL UNSTUCK AFTER SEVERAL TRIES AND LIFTING WITH TOE, SO WAS ABLE TO GET HOME. CAR IN SHOP NOW. DANGEROUS…
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GAS PEDAL GETTING STUCK/NOT WORKING OFF AND ON FOR LAST YEAR; GASKET WAS REPLACED, NOW RECENTLY STICKING AGAIN. TODAY, WAS ON ARTERIAL WHEN PEDAL STUCK, LUCKILY NO TRAFFIC AS FOR SEVERAL MINUTES VEHICLE WOULD NOT MOVE. GOT PEDAL UNSTUCK AFTER SEVERAL TRIES AND LIFTING WITH TOE, SO WAS ABLE TO GET HOME. CAR IN SHOP NOW. DANGEROUS!
NHTSA ODI #10995693
116,000 miles · May 17, 2017
Electrical SystemElectronic Stability Control (esc)Fuel/propulsion System
WHEN THE VEHICLE STOPS, ENGINE SHUTS DOWN. IF I START IT AGAIN IT TURNS ON JUST FINE BUT EVERYTIME I STOP AT A LIGHT OR AT TRAFFIC, THE ENGINE STALLS. WENT TO THE FORD DEALER AND THEY CANT TELL WHAT IS HAPPENING BECAUSE THERE IS NO CHECK ENGINE LIGHT TURNED ON. THEY CHECKED IT AND EVERYTHING WAS FINE, BATTERY, OILS. THEY SAY TH…
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WHEN THE VEHICLE STOPS, ENGINE SHUTS DOWN. IF I START IT AGAIN IT TURNS ON JUST FINE BUT EVERYTIME I STOP AT A LIGHT OR AT TRAFFIC, THE ENGINE STALLS. WENT TO THE FORD DEALER AND THEY CANT TELL WHAT IS HAPPENING BECAUSE THERE IS NO CHECK ENGINE LIGHT TURNED ON. THEY CHECKED IT AND EVERYTHING WAS FINE, BATTERY, OILS. THEY SAY THERE IS A RECALL FOR THE THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR BUT THE DEADLINE FOR THIS WAS ON JANUARY 2015. NOW FORD WONT REPAIR MY VEHICLE BECAUSE IT HAS MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLD (IT HAS LESS THAN 116,000 MILES).
NHTSA ODI #10986272
164,000 miles · Jun 12, 2016
EngineFuel/propulsion SystemUnknown Or Other
BOUGHT USED THE VEHICLE INTERMITTENTLY WOULD STALL, PUT IN NEUTRAL IT WOULD CRANK RIGHT UP AND IDLE FINE, UNTIL YOU PUT IN GEAR AND IT WOULD STALL OUT, WAIT AWHILE AND IT WOULD RUN FINE, AND IT MIGHT GO 2,3 OR 4 WEEKS AND NOT STALL. NOW IT WILL NOT GO AT ALL, CRANKS UP PUT IT IN GEAR AND IT IS LIKE IT IS NOT GETTING FUEL AND STA…
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
NHTSA ODI #10873770
115,000 miles · May 19, 2016
Fuel/propulsion System
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2005 FORD ESCAPE. WHILE DRIVING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS, THE VEHICLE WOULD SPUTTER, HESITATE, AND SHUT OFF. THE CHECK ENGINE LIGHT ILLUMINATED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO AN INDEPENDENT MECHANIC WHO DIAGNOSED THAT THE FUEL SYSTEM WAS FAULTY. THE FUEL PUMP AND FUEL FLOW INDICATOR AND SENSORS WERE ALL REPLACED, BUT …
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TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2005 FORD ESCAPE. WHILE DRIVING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS, THE VEHICLE WOULD SPUTTER, HESITATE, AND SHUT OFF. THE CHECK ENGINE LIGHT ILLUMINATED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO AN INDEPENDENT MECHANIC WHO DIAGNOSED THAT THE FUEL SYSTEM WAS FAULTY. THE FUEL PUMP AND FUEL FLOW INDICATOR AND SENSORS WERE ALL REPLACED, BUT THE FAILURE CONTINUED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 115,000.
NHTSA ODI #10865741
Official recalls
4Sep 29, 2015
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2001-2008 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner vehicles manufactured March 31, 2001, to September 1, 2009. The affected vehicles are equipped with either a 2.3L or 3.0L engine and have had their CD4E transmission replaced with remanufactured one that was rebuilt between June 11, 2015 through July 15, 2015. These service repair part transmissions have a shift lever bolt that may not be properly tightened. As a result, the shift control lever could disengage from the transmission without warning.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: If the shift lever disengages from the transmission, a driver may be unable to shift gear positions and the indicated shift position may not represent the gear position the vehicle is in. Should a disengagement occur while the vehicle is being driven, when the driver goes to stop and park the vehicle, the gear selection indicator may show that the transmission is in the "PARK" position, but the vehicle transmission may not actually be in the "PARK" gear position. If the vehicle is not in the "PARK" position there is a risk the vehicle will roll away as the driver and other occupants exit the vehicle or anytime thereafter. A vehicle rollaway increases the risk of injury to exiting occupants and bystanders.
Remedy: Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the transmissions and either tighten the manual shift lever bolt or replace the manual shift lever assembly. These repairs will be performed free of charge. The recall began on October 23, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S28.
Additional source detail variants (2)
Power Train:automatic Transmission:lever And Linkage:floor Shift
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2001-2008 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner vehicles manufactured March 31, 2001, to September 1, 2009. The affected vehicles are equipped with either a 2.3L or 3.0L engine and have had their CD4E transmission replaced with remanufactured one that was rebuilt between June 11, 2015 through July 15, 2015. These service repair part transmissions have a shift lever bolt that may not be properly tightened. As a result, the shift control lever could disengage from the transmission without warning.
Consequence: If the shift lever disengages from the transmission, a driver may be unable to shift gear positions and the indicated shift position may not represent the gear position the vehicle is in. Should a disengagement occur while the vehicle is being driven, when the driver goes to stop and park the vehicle, the gear selection indicator may show that the transmission is in the "PARK" position, but the vehicle transmission may not actually be in the "PARK" gear position. If the vehicle is not in the "PARK" position there is a risk the vehicle will roll away as the driver and other occupants exit the vehicle or anytime thereafter. A vehicle rollaway increases the risk of injury to exiting occupants and bystanders.
Remedy: Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the transmissions and either tighten the manual shift lever bolt or replace the manual shift lever assembly. These repairs will be performed free of charge. The recall began on October 23, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S28.
Power Train:automatic Transmission:gear Position Indication (prndl)
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2001-2008 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner vehicles manufactured March 31, 2001, to September 1, 2009. The affected vehicles are equipped with either a 2.3L or 3.0L engine and have had their CD4E transmission replaced with remanufactured one that was rebuilt between June 11, 2015 through July 15, 2015. These service repair part transmissions have a shift lever bolt that may not be properly tightened. As a result, the shift control lever could disengage from the transmission without warning.
Consequence: If the shift lever disengages from the transmission, a driver may be unable to shift gear positions and the indicated shift position may not represent the gear position the vehicle is in. Should a disengagement occur while the vehicle is being driven, when the driver goes to stop and park the vehicle, the gear selection indicator may show that the transmission is in the "PARK" position, but the vehicle transmission may not actually be in the "PARK" gear position. If the vehicle is not in the "PARK" position there is a risk the vehicle will roll away as the driver and other occupants exit the vehicle or anytime thereafter. A vehicle rollaway increases the risk of injury to exiting occupants and bystanders.
Remedy: Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the transmissions and either tighten the manual shift lever bolt or replace the manual shift lever assembly. These repairs will be performed free of charge. The recall began on October 23, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S28.
Sep 3, 2014
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2005-2008 Ford Escape hybrid electric vehicles manufactured October 13, 2003, to June 20, 2008, and 2006-2008 Mercury Mariner hybrid electric vehicles manufactured June 10, 2005, to June 20, 2008. The coolant pump for the hybrid system may fail resulting in the hybrid electronics overheating.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: If the hybrid electronics system overheats, it may shut down the powertrain, resulting in a stall-like condition, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and replace the original Motor Electronics Coolant (MEC) Pump with an improved brushless pump, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin on October 27, 2014. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 14S19.
Apr 7, 2006
CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITHOUT SIDE AIR CURTAINS OR MOONROOFS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 201, "OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN INTERIOR IMPACT." DURING TESTING, THE FREE MOTION HEAD FORM REGISTERED A MEASUREMENT ABOVE THE PERMITTED LIMIT AT THE LEFT HAND A-PILLAR TRIM AREA.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: IN THE EVENT OF A VEHICLE CRASH, PERSONAL INJURY TO OCCUPANTS MAY OCCUR.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL MAKE MODIFICATIONS TO THE ENERGY ABSORBING MATERIAL LOCATED ABOVE THE HEADLINER IN THE AFFECTED AREA FREE OF CHARGE. THE RECALL BEGAN ON MAY 19, 2006. OWNERS MAY CONTACT FORD AT 1-800-392-3673.
Dec 20, 2004
CERTAIN 2004-2005 SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES AND CERTAIN 2001-2003 SPORT UTIITY VEHICLE HAVING REAR LIFTGATE COMPONENTS SERVICED WITH 2004 EQUIVALENT COMPONENTS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 206, 'DOOR LOCKS AND DOOR RETENTION COMPONENTS.' THE REAR LIFTGATE LATCHING SYSTEM DOES NOT MEET THE INERTIA LOAD REQUIREMENT IN ONE DIRECTION.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: IF THE LIFTGATE IS LEFT UNLOCKED, THERE IS THE POTENTIAL THAT IT MAY OPEN DURING A CRASH.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL REPLACE THE REAR LIFTGATE LATCH RELEASE ROD, THE RELEASE ROD ATTACHMENT CLIP AND THE DOOR HANDLE RETURN SPRING. THE RECALL BEGAN ON MARCH 31, 2005. OWNERS SHOULD CONTACT FORD AT 1-800-392-3673.
Model-level recall history does not show whether a particular VIN is affected or has received a repair. Check a VIN with NHTSA ↗
NHTSA investigations
2DP12006 · Electronic Throttle Body Malfunction
Opened Oct 2, 2012 · Closed Feb 21, 2013
Status: closed (inferred from source dates) · Engine
In a letter dated August 30, 2012, The North Carolina Consumers Council (NCCC) petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to initiate a defect investigation of alleged electronic throttle body failures resulting in engine stall or surge while driving in model year (MY) 2005 through 2012 Ford Escape vehicles. On October 2, 2012 the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened a Defect Petition DP12-006 to evaluate whether to grant or deny the petition. The petition is hereby granted on certain model years. The NCCC letter cites two complaints of stall while driving in MY 2009 Ford Escape vehicles that were diagnosed as failed throttle bodies with diagnostic trouble codes (DTC) P2111, Throttle Body Stuck Open, and P2112, Throttle Body Stuck Closed. The petitioner indicates that the owners of both vehicles reported experiencing repeated incidents of stalling and engine surging. According to Ford, Escape non-hybrid vehicles are equipped with Electronic Throttle Body (ETB) assemblies beginning with MY 2009. Vehicles manufactured between June 22, 2009 and October 15, 2009 may contain contaminated printed circuit boards (PCB) with plating variations. Plating variations could lead to a lack of continuity in the throttle position sensor circuit where P2111 and/or other DTCs would be generated and stored. Ford and its electronic throttle body supplier, Delphi, modified the PCB manufacturing process and issued a technical service bulletin (TSB) 09-23-5. Vehicles produced after October 15, 2009 incorporated ETBs manufactured with a PCB process that resolved this condition. ODI's analysis identified a total of 123 unique reports indicating allegations of reduced motive power or vehicle stall. Depending on the condition of throttle control system malfunction, a driver may experience varying levels of reduced engine performance associated with three limp home modes. In two limp modes, reduced engine performance may maintain vehicle speeds above 20mph while the third is a limited limp home mode with engine speeds limited to approximately 900 RPM. Allegations of stall appear to be related to the limited limp home mode. Vehicles are not likely to unexpectedly stall as a result of this condition, but drivers may characterize the reduced functionality as a stall, even though their vehicle may still has motive capability. Allegations of vehicle surge appear to be related to limp home mode operation. Complaints alleging surge are most likely related to engine RPM fluctuations at low vehicle speeds or idle as the control system engages to prevent engine stall. In limited limp mode, rough-idle conditions may exist while the control system attempts to modulate engine RPMs once the vehicle reaches a reduced speed to maintain approximately 900 RPM. Separately, ODI received 59 complaints alleging incidents of engine stall while driving in model year (MY) 2010-2011 Ford Fusion vehicles. Approximately 60 percent (36) of the incidents occurred at speeds of 40 miles per hour or more. Eighty percent of complaints (47) were received beginning March 2012 and 14 complaints reported that the throttle body was replaced or DTCs associated with limp home modes. Additionally, Ford issued TSB 10-21-6 addressing DTCs associated with idle speed drops and limited limp home mode. The petition is granted on certain model years.Preliminary Evaluation PE13-003 has been opened to assess the scope, frequency and potential safety consequences associated with the alleged defect.See full copy of the closing resume for this defect petition for list of the VOQs associated with the defect petition analysis.
AQ10001 · Fleet Vehicle Recall Completion Audit
Opened Nov 18, 2010 · Closed Dec 28, 2015
Status: closed (inferred from source dates) · Unknown Or Other
On November 18, 2010, NHTSA's Recall Management Division (RMD) opened an audit query (AQ10-001) to investigate recall remedy completion by rental car companies on safety recall campaigns.It was expected to provide the agency an indication of how completely and how quickly rental car fleets perform necessary recall-related remedies on the vehicles owned and then rented/leased for use on the roadways.RMD queried three (3) major motor vehicle manufacturers (Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors) and requested data regarding completion figures for fifteen (15) discreet safety recalls.Analysis of this data demonstrated that rental car recalls completion was neither complete nor consistent.The rental car companies representing the largest market share in the industry were then queried as to their respective policies for the rental, lease, and sale of vehicles with open recalls.The data and responses from the manufacturers and the rental car companies can be found in the document repository by accessing the ?Associated Documents link above.In December 2015, Congress enacted the Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act.One section of the Act prohibits rental car companies from renting, leasing, or selling motor vehicles subject to open safety recalls.With the passage of the FAST Act and its prohibition, there is no continuing need for the agency to investigate rental car recall completions.Accordingly, this investigation is closed.The agency reserves the right to open any future investigations, including audits of individual recalls, or groups of recalls, or rental car companies, to examine more closely safety recalls performance and completion issues in this area.