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2006 Ford E-450

Owner reports · Recalls · Investigations

Limited comparison data

There is not enough comparable history to draw a useful model-year comparison.

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How this year compares

Owner complaints by model year

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Compare all E-450 years →

Counts vary with age, sales and reporting. They are not failure rates.

What owners reported most

All reported categories

Tap a category to read its complaints. One report may name several components.

When problems were reported

Mileage at the reported incident

Limited mileage data: 17 of 20 reports include usable mileage. There isn’t enough coverage to show a useful chart.

NHTSA’s mileage field refers to the reported incident, not necessarily the filing date. This shows report counts, not the likelihood of a failure.

What to inspect

Issues worth paying extra attention to based on owner reports.

  • Engine And Engine Cooling. Review the 7 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
  • Engine. Review the 4 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
  • Electrical System. Review the 3 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →

NHTSA owner reports · September 18, 2026 snapshot.

0 crash reports5 fire reports1 injury reports

What owners actually said

20 reports
41,000 miles · Oct 23, 2009
Fuel System, Diesel

2006 FORD E-450 BUS, GAS TANK DELAMINATION WITH 46,000 MILES CAUSING VEHICLE TO STALL AND STOP NEARLY CAUSING AN ACCIDENT AT AN INTERSECTION AT NIGHT. A POLICE OFFICER STOPPED AND SET UP FLARES, AND WE AVOIDED A SERIOUS ACCIDENT. FORD DENIED CLAIM STATING THE GAS TANK DELAMINATION WAS CAUSED BY THE GOVERNMENT'S RELAXATION ON DIE…

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2006 FORD E-450 BUS, GAS TANK DELAMINATION WITH 46,000 MILES CAUSING VEHICLE TO STALL AND STOP NEARLY CAUSING AN ACCIDENT AT AN INTERSECTION AT NIGHT. A POLICE OFFICER STOPPED AND SET UP FLARES, AND WE AVOIDED A SERIOUS ACCIDENT. FORD DENIED CLAIM STATING THE GAS TANK DELAMINATION WAS CAUSED BY THE GOVERNMENT'S RELAXATION ON DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVES. IT CAUSED US $3500.00 TO REPAIR THE VEHICLE DUE TO A DEFECT IN THE FUEL TANK COATING BY FORD. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10289477

27,300 miles · Jun 29, 2009
Engine And Engine Cooling

TWICE THE ENGINE IN THIS VEHICLE HAS QUIT WITHOUT WARNING AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS. 1ST ON 9/1/2008 @ 27,300 MILES, 2ND ON 6/23/2009 @ 35,400 MILES. IN BOTH CASES THE VEHICLE WAS RESTARTED AS SOON AS SAFELY POSSIBLE. THIS ISSUE COULD RESULT IN A SERIOUS INJURY AND/OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SINCE THERE IS A LOSS OF STEERING AND BRAKE CONTROLS …

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TWICE THE ENGINE IN THIS VEHICLE HAS QUIT WITHOUT WARNING AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS. 1ST ON 9/1/2008 @ 27,300 MILES, 2ND ON 6/23/2009 @ 35,400 MILES. IN BOTH CASES THE VEHICLE WAS RESTARTED AS SOON AS SAFELY POSSIBLE. THIS ISSUE COULD RESULT IN A SERIOUS INJURY AND/OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SINCE THERE IS A LOSS OF STEERING AND BRAKE CONTROLS WHEN THE ENGINE QUITS. THE DEALER HAS TRIED TO REPAIR BUT CANNOT DIAGNOSE THE PROBLEM. I HAVE EMAILED FORD MOTOR ASKING THAT THEY HAVE A TECHNICIAN CONTACT THE DEALER TO WORK TOGETHER TO CORRECT THIS DEFECT ASAP. IN THE MEANTIME I AM CONCERNED THAT DRIVING THE VEHICLE IS DANGEROUS TO MYSELF AND OTHERS. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10275296

30,000 miles · Oct 29, 2008
Electrical SystemFireInjury

ME AND MY PARTNER WERE RESPONDING TO A MVC IN A FORD AMBULANCE WHEN THE COMPUTER MODULE ON MY SEAT SHORTED OUT CAUSING THE TRUCK TO BURST INTO FLAMES. NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE TO CORRECT THE 2 NEW AMBULANCES WE GOT IN THIS YEAR HAVE THE SAME EXPOSED POSITIVE BATTERY POST THAT CAUSED IT TO SHORT OUT. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10247161

11,515 miles · Oct 6, 2008
Engine And Engine Cooling

THE ENGINE QUITE SEVERAL TIMES, THE LAST TIME THE VEHICLE WAS TOTALLY DEAD AND WOULDN'T RESTART. ALSO, THE EMERGENCY FLASHERS WERE INOPERATIVE. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10244586

50,000 miles · Aug 8, 2008
Suspension

STARTRANS BUS MADE BY SUPREME. 24 PASSENGER FORD E:450 SHUTTLE BUS. WE HAVE TWO- 2006 SHUTTLES. ON BOTH BUSES WITH LESS THAN 50K MILES THE REAR SPRING MORERIDE THROUGH BOLTS BREAK! THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS! BOTH REAR SPRING BOLTS BREAK LEAVING THE REAR SPRINGS IN DANGEROUS! WHEN I BROUGHT IT UP TO MY DEALER, THEY SAID NO RECALL. …

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STARTRANS BUS MADE BY SUPREME. 24 PASSENGER FORD E:450 SHUTTLE BUS. WE HAVE TWO- 2006 SHUTTLES. ON BOTH BUSES WITH LESS THAN 50K MILES THE REAR SPRING MORERIDE THROUGH BOLTS BREAK! THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS! BOTH REAR SPRING BOLTS BREAK LEAVING THE REAR SPRINGS IN DANGEROUS! WHEN I BROUGHT IT UP TO MY DEALER, THEY SAID NO RECALL. NO ACCIDENT HAPPENED BUT THIS IN NOT SOMETHING EASILY SEEN BY A VISUAL INSPECTION AND CAN GO UNNOTICED. I HAVE NEVER HAD THIS HAPPEN WITH ANY OTHER SUPPLIER. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10237461

36,500 miles · May 23, 2008
Engine And Engine CoolingService Brakes, HydraulicSuspension

FORD E-450 BOX TRUCK WITH 6.0 DIESEL HAS 40K MILES ON IT. IT HAS BEEN IN THE SHOP 4 TIMES ALREADY. IT REQUIRED ALL NEW FUEL INJECTORS, A NEW CLUTCH FAN, EGR VALVE, NEW RADIATOR, BRAKES INCLUDING ROTORS, AND BALL JOINTS. ALL EXCEPT THE BRAKES & BALL JOINTS WERE COVERED UNDER WARRANTY, BUT IT IS DOWN ONE WEEK OUT OF EVERY MONTH FO…

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FORD E-450 BOX TRUCK WITH 6.0 DIESEL HAS 40K MILES ON IT. IT HAS BEEN IN THE SHOP 4 TIMES ALREADY. IT REQUIRED ALL NEW FUEL INJECTORS, A NEW CLUTCH FAN, EGR VALVE, NEW RADIATOR, BRAKES INCLUDING ROTORS, AND BALL JOINTS. ALL EXCEPT THE BRAKES & BALL JOINTS WERE COVERED UNDER WARRANTY, BUT IT IS DOWN ONE WEEK OUT OF EVERY MONTH FOR REPAIRS. THE 6.0L DIESEL SHOULD BE CONSIDERED UNDER THE LEMON LAWS. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10228790

9,000 miles · May 23, 2008
Engine And Engine Cooling

TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2006 FORD E450. DURING RAINY WEATHER CONDITIONS, THE ENGINE WILL NOT TURN ON. THE ENGINE ALSO STALLS IF IT BEGINS TO RAIN WHILE DRIVING AND WILL NOT RESTART. THE SPEED WAS NOT A FACTOR. EACH TIME THE FAILURE OCCURRED, THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO THE FORD DEALER AND AFTER A FEW DAYS THEY WERE ABLE TO RESTART TH…

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TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2006 FORD E450. DURING RAINY WEATHER CONDITIONS, THE ENGINE WILL NOT TURN ON. THE ENGINE ALSO STALLS IF IT BEGINS TO RAIN WHILE DRIVING AND WILL NOT RESTART. THE SPEED WAS NOT A FACTOR. EACH TIME THE FAILURE OCCURRED, THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO THE FORD DEALER AND AFTER A FEW DAYS THEY WERE ABLE TO RESTART THE ENGINE. THE MECHANICS HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO DIAGNOSE THE FAILURE. THE VIN WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 9,000 AND THE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 15,333.

NHTSA ODI #10228735

63,513 miles · Feb 27, 2008
Electrical SystemFire

FIRE IGNITED AT ENGINE COMPARTMENT WIRING HARNESS TO ALTERNATOR RESULTING IN REPLACEMENT OF ALTERNATOR, ALTERNATOR WIRING HARNESS, RIGHT GLOW PLUG WIRING HARNESS, ENGINE COMPARTMENT WIRING HARNESS AND FIRE DAMAGED HOSES AND BELTS. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10219323

24,731 miles · Jul 23, 2007
Engine And Engine CoolingFire

THE SCHOOL BUS WAS ON PARKED AT 10:00 AM AT 1:15 PM OUR SHOP NOTICED SMOKE COMING FROM THE PARKING YARD. THEY FOUND THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT AND FRONT OF BUS WAS ON FIRE. THE VAN WAS A TOTAL LOSS. *TR

NHTSA ODI #10197210

Mileage unknown · Jan 8, 2007
Engine And Engine Cooling

(2) 2006 E450 SERIES FORD AMBULANCES, ENGINE PROBLEMS. *NM

NHTSA ODI #10178122

Official recalls

11

19V401000 · Equipment

May 29, 2019

VCI Emergency Vehicle Specialists (VCI) is recalling certain 2017-2018 Ford F-550, 2014 E-350 and E-450, 2015 F-250 and F-450, 2016 E-450, 2017 E-350, F-450 and E-450, 2018 F-350, 2010 E-450, 2005-2006 E-450, 2009 E-450 and Chevrolet C4500-based Type I and Type III ambulances equipped with ASA Electronics Voyager monitors used to display the back-up camera image. The monitors may unexpectedly revert back to the factory default settings which may cause the camera image to be reversed.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: The driver may inadvertently turn the wrong direction to avoid an object behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.

Remedy: VCI Emergency Vehicle Specialists will work with ASA to notify the owners, and remedy the displays, free of charge. The recall began May 9, 2019. Owners may contact ASA Electronics at 1-800-384-4400.

15V112000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Feb 25, 2015

Farber Specialty Vehicles (Farber) is recalling various specialty vehicles modified by Farber and equipped with model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The platform side plate of the affected wheelchair lifts may crack.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: If the platform side plates crack, the lift platform can separate from the lift and come to rest against the vehicle's lift door. When the doors are opened, the platform may fall out, increasing the risk of injury to the lift operator.

Remedy: Farber will notify owners to take their vehicles to a Ricon dealer or service center who will install supplemental platform support bumpers. Any platform that has already started cracking will be replaced, free of charge. The recall began on March 24, 2015. Owners may contact Farber customer service at 1-800-331-3188, or Ricon customer service at 1-800-322-2884. Farber's number for this recall is 14E-041.

14V595000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Sep 24, 2014

Elkhart Coach (Elkhart) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-350 and Ford E-450 vehicles manufactured January 1, 2006, to May 1, 2014 and equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The platform side plate of the affected wheelchair lifts may crack.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: If the platform side plates crack, the lift platform can separate from the lift and come to rest against the vehicle's lift door. When the doors are opened, the platform may fall out, increasing the risk of injury to the lift operator.

Remedy: Elkhart will notify owners to take the vehicles to a Ricon dealer or service center who will install supplemental platform support bumpers. Any platform that has already started cracking will be replaced, free of charge. The recall began on October 1, 2014. Owners may contact Ricon customer service at 1-800-322-2884. Owners may also contact Elkhart customer service at 1-574-264-5179. This recall has been superseded by campaign 15V-768.

12V584000 · Equipment

Dec 12, 2012

Creative Bus Sales, Inc is recalling certain model year 2006-2011 Chevrolet and GMC C5500, and Ford E450, and Econoline 350 vehicles equipped with Braun wheelchair lifts. Over time, or with frequent use, the roll stop latches on the outer barrier of the lifts may become bent or misaligned.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: A wheelchair occupant may defeat or ride over the insufficiently latched roll stop. If this occurs when the lift platform is in an elevated position, the wheelchair's occupant could fall and sustain injury.

Remedy: Braun is conducting this recall on behalf of Creative Bus Sales. Braun will notify owners, and dealers will repair the vehicles free of charge. The recall began on November 23, 2012. Owners may contact Creative Bus at 1-888-633-8380 or Braun at 1-800-488-0359.

09V434000 · Equipment:appliance:air Conditioner

Nov 13, 2009

E-N-G MOBILE SYSTEM IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008 CHEVROLET W5500, MODEL YEAR 2007-2009 DODGE 3500, MODEL YEAR 2009 MIGHTY MOVER, MODEL YEAR 2006-2009 FORD E-250, E-350 AND E-450, MODEL YEAR 2008-2009 GMC W4500, MODEL YEAR 2007 INTERNATIONAL 4300, MODEL YEAR 2009 TOYOTA LAND CRUISER VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH CARRIER AIRV CEILING UNITS, MODEL NOS. 68RV0010BA, 68RV0012CA, AND 68RV0010EA. THE HEATER ELEMENT IN THESE ASSEMBLIES MAY BE DEFECTIVE WHICH COULD CAUSE THE UNIT TO CREATE SMOKE OR SPARKS.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: THIS DEFECT COULD RESULT IN A FIRE.

Remedy: E-N-G MOBILE SYSTEM WILL NOTIFY OWNERS AND THE VEHICLES WILL BE REPAIRED BY CARRIER FREE OF CHARGE. PLEASE SEE CARRIER'S DEFECT REPORT 09E-053. THE SAFETY RECALL IS EXPECTED TO BEGIN DURING DECEMBER 2009. OWNERS MAY CONTACT CARRIER AT 1-877-584-7059 OR E-N-G MOBILE SYSTEM AT 1-925-798-4060.

08V676000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Dec 18, 2008

COLONIAL IS RECALLING 50 MY 2006-2008 FORD E350, E450, AND CHEVROLET G-VAN CUTAWAY CHASSIS VEHICLES AND EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE LIFTS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 403, "PLATFORM LIFT SYSTEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES." THE ANTI-STOW INTERLOCK MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEELCHAIR OR MOBILITY AID USER. THE PRESSURE SENSING SWITCH THAT DETECTS THE PRESENCE OF WEIGHT ON THE PLATFORM WAS NOT ADJUSTED TO THE NECESSARY SENSITIVITY LEVEL. THE LIFT COULD STOW EVEN THOUGH SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IS STILL ON THE LIFT.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: A LIFT OCCUPANT CAN BE INJURED SHOULD THE LIFT BEGIN TO STOW UNINTENTIONALLY.

Remedy: COLONIAL IS WORKING WITH RICON TO CORRECT THE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS FREE OF CHARGE (PLEASE SEE 07E097). OWNERS MAY CONTACT RICON AT 1-818-267-3000 OR COLONIAL AT 1-301-698-5100.

08V677000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Dec 18, 2008

COLONIAL IS RECALLING 50 MY 2006-2008 FORD E350, E450, AND CHEVROLET G-VAN CUTAWAY CHASSIS VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 404, "PLATFORM LIFT INSTALLATIONS IN MOTOR VEHICLES." THE THRESHOLD WARNING SYSTEM MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEELCHAIR OR MOBILITY AID USER IN A CERTAIN SPOT WITHIN THE DEFINED THRESHOLD AREA.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: THE USER OF THE LIFT COULD BE INJURED SHOULD THE LIFT MOVE UNINTENTIONALLY.

Remedy: COLONIAL IS WORKING WITH RICON TO CORRECT THE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS FREE OF CHARGE (PLEASE SEE 07E095). OWNERS MAY CONTACT RICON AT 1-818-267-3000 OR COLONIAL AT 1-301-698-5100.

08V518000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Oct 6, 2008

MOBILITYWORKS IS RECALLING 224 MY 2007-2008 FORD E150, MY 2006-2008 E250, MY 2004-2007 E350, MY 2006 E450, MY 2005-2007 CHEVROLET 2500, MY 2007 CHEVROLET 1500, AND MY 2006 DODGE 2500 VANS EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 404, "PLATFORM LIFT INSTALLATIONS IN MOTOR VEHICLES." THE THRESHOLD WARNING SYSTEM MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEELCHAIR OR MOBILITY AID USER IN A CERTAIN SPOT WITHIN THE DEFINED THRESHOLD AREA.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: THE USER OF THE LIFT COULD BE INJURED SHOULD THE LIFT MOVE UNINTENTIONALLY.

Remedy: MOBILITYWORKS IS WORKING WITH RICON TO CORRECT THE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS FREE OF CHARGE (PLEASE SEE 07E095). OWNERS MAY CONTACT RICON AT 1-818-267-3000 OR MOBILITY WORKS AT 1-800-769-8267.

08V496000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Sep 25, 2008

LA BOIT IS RECALLING 8 MY 2006-2007 FORD E-450, GMC 5500, AND WORKHORSE SPECIALTY VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 404, "PLATFORM LIFT INSTALLATIONS IN MOTOR VEHICLES." THE THRESHOLD WARNING SYSTEM MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEELCHAIR OR MOBILITY AID USER IN A CERTAIN SPOT WITHIN THE DEFINED THRESHOLD AREA.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: THE USER OF THE LIFT COULD BE INJURED SHOULD THE LIFT MOVE UNINTENTIONALLY.

Remedy: LA BOIT IS WORKING WITH RICON TO CORRECT THE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS FREE OF CHARGE (PLEASE SEE 07E095). OWNERS MAY CONTACT RICON AT 1-818-267-3000 OR LA BOIT AT 1-614-231-7640.

08V497000 · Equipment Adaptive/mobility

Sep 25, 2008

LA BOIT IS RECALLING 8 MY 2006-2007 FORD E-450, GMC 5500, AND WORKHORSE SPECIALTY VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE LIFTS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 403, "PLATFORM LIFT SYSTEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES." THE ANTI-STOW INTERLOCK MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEELCHAIR OR MOBILITY AID USER. THE PRESSURE SENSING SWITCH THAT DETECTS THE PRESENCE OF WEIGHT ON THE PLATFORM WAS NOT ADJUSTED TO THE NECESSARY SENSITIVITY LEVEL. THE LIFT COULD STOW EVEN THOUGH SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IS STILL ON THE LIFT.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: A LIFT OCCUPANT CAN BE INJURED SHOULD THE LIFT BEGIN TO STOW UNINTENTIONALLY.

Remedy: LA BOIT IS WORKING WITH RICON TO CORRECT THE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS FREE OF CHARGE (PLEASE SEE 07E097). OWNERS MAY CONTACT RICON AT 1-818-267-3000 OR LA BOIT AT 1-614-231-7640.

05V520000 · Visibility:windshield Wiper/washer:motor

Nov 9, 2005

ON CERTAIN TRUCKS, PASSENGER CARS AND SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, THE WINDSHIELD WIPER MOTOR MAY HAVE BEEN PRODUCED WITHOUT GREASE BEING APPLIED TO THE OUTPUT SHAFT GEAR.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: AFTER A PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS USE ON THE HIGH SPEED SETTING, LACK OF GREASE ON THE OUTPUT SHAFT GEAR MAY CAUSE THE GEAR TO DISTORT OR FRACTURE DURING OPERATION RESULTING IN A LOSS OF WIPER FUNCTION. INOPERATIVE WIPERS UNDER INCLEMENT WEATHER CONDITIONS COULD CAUSE A CRASH DUE TO IMPAIRED VISIBILITY.

Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSPECT THE WIPER MOTOR FOR THE PRESENCE OF GREASE AND GREASE THE WIPER MOTOR GEARS IF NECESSARY. THE RECALL BEGAN ON NOVEMBER 22, 2005. OWNERS MAY CONTACT FORD AT 1-800-392-3673 OR LINCOLN/MERCURY AT 1-800-521-4140.

Model-level recall history does not show whether a particular VIN is affected or has received a repair. Check a VIN with NHTSA ↗

NHTSA investigations

1

PE09055 · Hvac Switch Failures

Opened Dec 7, 2009 · Closed Apr 21, 2010

Status: closed (inferred from source dates) · Electrical System:wiring:interior/under Dash

ODI has received 1 complaint and reports from 4 transportation fleets alleging 182 switch failures.Each fleet operates mini buses built on a Ford E350 or E450 cutaway chassis.The OEM HVAC blower switches have melted, smoked, burned or experienced open flame and become inoperable on vehicles in each fleet.Some drivers have reported a burning smell or smoke coming from the dash.One fleet reported a vehicle fire.No injuries were sustained.However, the bus was carrying special needs children when the driver noticed smoke coming from the dash.The driver was able to evacuate the children prior to the vehicle becoming engulfed in flames.This PE has been upgraded to an Engineering Analysis (EA) to determine if the blower motor switch failures create a situation where a vehicle fire is possible and presents a safety risk to the driver and other passengers.